Research

SCILT is committed to supporting research into languages education at local, national and international level.

Research

The first Language Trends report for Scotland provides a comprehensive overview of modern language teaching and learning across Scottish schools.

The research, conducted by Queen's University Belfast for the British Council, offers an independent overview of modern language provision across primary and secondary schools, both local-authority and independent. It examines current teaching approaches, qualification patterns and international engagement.

The report highlights the decline in Language learning in Scotland at senior levels over the last decade, reflecting the trend across the rest of the UK.

While combined entries at National level (2-5) have increased by 6 per cent over the last five years, uptake of multiple languages drops sharply by S4. At this stage, nearly half of local authority secondary schools report less than 5 per cent of pupils studying more than one language, with 30 per cent reporting no pupils taking multiple languages at all.

The research highlights both challenges and opportunities: while modern language learning faces significant barriers, the report shows a strong foundation at primary with 98 per cent of responding primary schools offering languages in the curriculum and pupils' enthusiasm for languages show potential for growth.

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Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) is the national accreditation and awarding body in Scotland. For the most recent data on all qualifications and subjects, including data on entries and awards for qualifications in languages, please refer to the following on the SQA website:

For information on how many secondary specialist language teachers there are in Scotland, please refer to the data from the Summary Statistics for Schools in Scotland (Scottish Government annual publication):

Data from the Pupil census supplementary statistics 2024 (Scottish Government, March 2025) indicate the top 5 home languages in 2022, other than English, were Polish, Urdu, Arabic, Scots and Pujabi. A total of 198 languages were spoken as the main home language by pupils in publicly funded schools in Scotland. 82,777 pupils were identified whose main home language was not English. The greatest number of these pupils attend schools in Glasgow.

The statistics published by the Registrar General for Scotland on the Scotland’s Census website, present details from the 2011 Census in Scotland on Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion, from national to local level.

Navigate to the Standard Outputs menu and select ‘Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Religion’ to access the following tables:

  • Gaelic language skills by sex by age 
  • English language skills by sex by age 
  • Language other than English used at home by sex by age

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Findings of the 2023 survey of local authorities on the implementation of the 1+2 languages policy in schools. The key finding is that nearly all primary and secondary schools now deliver language learning from P1 and through the Broad General Education.

In the primary sector, the L2 picture is stable, with the majority of schools reporting that they deliver a full entitlement from P1. Regarding L3 delivery, we saw an increase in the number of schools providing it. French continues to be the most widely taught L2 (over 80%), although the percentages of schools offering Spanish, Gaelic (Learners), and German have all increased slightly. Spanish continues to be the most widely taught L3. Answers suggest an increasing appetite for less traditionally taught languages such as BSL and Scots in particular.

Although all secondary schools reported teaching an L2, results showed a decrease in the full entitlement, potentially due to an increasing number of schools allowing students to opt out of languages at the end of S2. L3 implementation remains stable. French continues to be the most widely taught L2, although the percentages of schools offering Spanish, German, Gaelic and Italian have all increased. Spanish continues to be the most widely taught L3.

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Studying SHAPE: 2022 from The British Academy provides a snapshot of the number of students undertaking the most common secondary and further education qualifications in the UK, in humanities and social science subjects.

Key findings – Languages (Scotland)

French

  • French has seen the largest decline in entries of all SHAPE subjects at National 5 since 2016, down 29% overall. Entries decreased by 7% between 2021 and 2022. French National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 1.01 percentage points since 2016 – representing 2.14% of all National 5 entries in 2022
  • Numbers at Highers have seen a 45% decrease since 2016, and a decrease of 21% between 2021 and 2022. French Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.99 percentage points since 2016 – representing 1.33% of all Higher entries in 2022.
  • Entries at Advanced Higher level have decreased by 27% since 2016, and by 14% between 2021 and 2022. French Advanced Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 1.12 percentage points since 2016 – representing 1.81% of all Advanced Higher entries in 2022.

German

  • German entries at National 5 level have decreased 26% since 2016. However, more recently, entries increased slightly by 5% between 2021 and 2022. German National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.20 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.48% of all National 5 entries in 2022.
  • Numbers at Higher level have decreased by 50% since 2016 and by 29% between 2021 and 2022. German Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.25 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.27% of all Higher entries in 2022.
  • The picture is similar at Advanced Higher level, with entries decreasing 25% since 2016 and by 23% between 2021 and 2022. German Advanced Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.22 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.39% of all Advanced Higher entries in 2022.

Spanish

  • National 5 numbers increased by 31% since 2016. Moreover, entries increased by 6% between 2021 and 2022 and Spanish remains the second biggest language at National 5. Spanish National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have increased by 0.36 percentage points since 2016 – representing 1.86% of all National 5 entries in 2022.
  • Numbers at Higher level have decreased by 5% since 2016. More recently, entries have decreased by 18% between 2021 and 2022. Spanish Highers, as a share of overall entries, have remained relatively stable, declining by just 0.01 percentage points since 2016 – representing 1.31% of all Higher entries in 2022.
  • At Advanced Higher level entries have decreased by 2% since 2016 and by 2% between 2021 and 2022. Spanish Advanced Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.35 percentage points since 2016 – representing 1.67% of all Advanced Higher entries in 2022.

Italian

  • Entry numbers for Italian at National 5 level have decreased by 22% since 2016. Between 2021 and 2022, however, Italian entries saw the largest increase of any SHAPE subject at this level, increasing by 128%. The change in numbers is small here though, and Italian National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have increased by 0.03 percentage points since 2016 – representing just 0.08% of all National 5 entries in 2022.
  • Entries at Higher level have decreased by 22% since 2016, and by 6% between 2021 and 2022. Italian Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.02 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.09% of all Higher entries in 2022.
  • Italian is one of the smallest subjects at Advanced Higher, with just 35 entries in 2022. Despite some fluctuations, entries have increased 59% since 2016. Between 2021 and 2022, entries increased by 6%. Italian Advanced Highers, as a share of overall entries, have decreased by 0.03 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.12% of all Advanced Higher entries in 2022.

Other languages

  • Entries for Chinese Languages have seen the strongest growth of any SHAPE subject at National 5 level since 2016, increasing by 160%. Entries increased by 4% between 2021 and 2022. Chinese Languages National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have increased by 0.05 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.08% of all National 5 entries in 2022.
  • Strong growth has also been seen at Highers, where numbers for Chinese Languages have increased 98% since 2016, and by 29% between 2021 and 2022. Chinese Languages Highers, as a share of overall entries, have increased by 0.06 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.12% of all Higher entries in 2022.
  • Entries for Chinese Languages at Advanced Highers have increased by 134% since 2016, and increased by 27% between 2021 and 2022. Chinese Languages Advanced Highers, as a share of overall entries, have increased by 0.13 percentage points since 2016 – representing 0.27% of all Advanced Higher entries in 2022.
  • Separate subject entry data for Urdu is available for Scottish qualifications at National 5 and Higher level only. Numbers for Urdu at National 5 are small but entries have grown 13% since 2016. Entries increased by 4% between 2021 and 2022. Urdu National 5s, as a share of overall entries, have seen no percentage point change since 2016 – representing 0.02% of all National 5 entries.
  • By contrast, numbers for Urdu at Higher level have decreased by 2% since 2016, and between 2021 and 2022 they decreased by 5%. Urdu Highers, as a share of overall entries, have also seen no percentage point change since 2016 – representing 0.05% of all Higher entries in 2022.

Analysis for other languages in Scotland, including Gaelic and ESOL, is available in the Studying SHAPE: 2022 report (PDF).

As part of the final phase of the Generation Global Erasmus+ project, SCILT undertook a small-scale national survey of learners, parents, carers and languages teachers looking at attitudes towards languages. This phase of the project ran in 2021.

Many interesting messages came through from this, demonstrating a wide range of views and attitudes towards language learning. The key points are summarised as follows:

Learners

  • The majority of learners who responded said that they enjoy learning languages.
  • All of the learners who took part (even those who said they did not enjoy languages!) thought that young people should learn a language at school.
  • The young people who did not enjoy languages wanted them to feel more relevant and to learn more about the culture of other countries.
  • Many of the young people said that curricular constraints (ie. the limited number of subjects they could take) were a major factor on whether they or their friends opted to study a language once they had the choice, together with the perception that it was difficult.
  • All of the learners thought that languages would be important to them personally in the future.

“I think that having another language really helps in getting a job as well even in a sector which isn’t directly linked to languages as it is a very important and useful skill to have.”

“Learning languages can help with lots of other subjects. Knowing another language is a useful skill in any job.”

Parents/Carers

  • The majority of parents/carers who responded (94%) thought that it was important for young people to learn languages at school.
  • However, fewer than half of the parents/carers who took part had the impression that their children enjoyed learning languages. They felt that they did not always see the relevance of it for themselves and/or found it difficult.
  • Many parents/carers suggested that showing young people examples of a range of careers which use languages would help to engage them.
  • Curricular constraints were highlighted by a considerable number of parents/carers as a reason why their children did not opt to continue with learning languages once they had the choice.
  • Of the parents/carers who responded, around 80% had some knowledge, even at a basic level, of another language. Some are still continuing to develop their own language skills and to learn new languages.

“Languages in a practical sense make it easier to succeed in future employment but also introduce them to different cultures, broaden horizons and break down barriers.”

“Children learning an additional language are more creative, better at solving complex problems and usually score higher on other tests. Once children know a second language, it is easier for them to understand further languages structures, which is why experts say that every new language learnt is easier than the one before.”

Languages Teachers

  • The majority of teachers who responded (75%) saw uptake in languages in the Senior Phase as a current concern for them.
  • Again, curricular constraints were highlighted as a significant factor in the number of learners who continue with languages post-BGE.
  • Some teachers also picked up on learner and parental perception that languages are difficult.
  • Teachers note that having a range of languages and curricular pathways on offer is motivating and engaging for learners.
  • Most teachers who took part identified the need to use real-life contexts and examples from the world of work in languages classes.

“Languages, like no other subject, develop literacy and communication skills. They give pupils confidence.”

“We should always 'make space' for languages on the curriculum.”

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